1649-1715


 * toc

1649-1715 (The Death of Louis XIV)**

The English Revolution: The Stuarts, Civil War. Cromwell, and the Restoration

 * ======**James I**======
 * ======**Stuarts**======
 * ======**" The Trew Law of Free Monarchy"**======
 * ======**Charles I**======
 * ======**William Laud**======
 * ======**"ship money"**======
 * ======**English Civil War**======
 * ======**New Model Army**======
 * ======**Oliver Cromwell**======
 * ======**The Protectorate**======
 * ======**The Restoration of 1660**======
 * ======**Charles II**======


 * When Elizabeth I died in 1603, she was succeeded by her Scottish cousin, James Stuart. When he took the throne of England, he became **James I **of England. The power of the monarchy was transferred from the Tudors to the** Stuarts **. Under the rule of James I, England became an absolutist state. James I expressed his absolutist views in the essay** "The Trew Law of Free Monarchy,"**where he stated that a monarch is only responsible to G-d and that rebellion is the worst possible crime. His views were supported during the reign of his son, Charles I, when he tried to rule England from 1629 to 1640 without ever calling a meeting of Parliament. Charles I was so against calling parliament even to get the needed taxes that he resorted to financing his government through stopgap levies like by collecting** "ship money. **" In order to collect ship money, they had to revive a medieval tax and then raise that tax. Not only did Charles I anger the people by not calling the parliament, but the people were further angered by Charles I's support of William Laud.** William Laud **was an archbishop of Canterbury who tried to impose elaborate ritual on all churches making the services reminiscent of Catholic services. All of these factors combined made the people fear and distrust Charles I.

This divide between the king and the parliament led to the **English Civil War **(1642-1649) because they had to figure out whether sovereignty truly lied with the king or with the parliament. This was a huge step because it was challenging what had been accepted all over Europe, it was challenging the divine right of kings that was the basis of all European absolutist states.In 1645, the parliament organized all of it's forces and put them under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell and Sir Thomas Fairfax, thereby establishing the** New Model Army. **In 1645, the New Model Army defeated the king's forces. However, Charles I refused to accept defeat. In 1647, Cromwell captured him and the war finally ended in 1649 when he was executed. By the end of the war,** Oliver Cromwell **had complete leadership over the army. When a commonwealth called** The Protectorate **was established at the end of the war, it was actually a military dictatorship led by Oliver Cromwell. The English people got sick of military dictatorship and determined to have new rule. In the** Restoration of 1660 **, the monarchy was re-established and rule was given to Charles I's eldest son,** Charles II.

The Glorious Revolution of 1689: Constitutional Monarchy & Bill of Rights

 * ======**Test Act**======
 * ======**James II**======
 * ======**Prince William of Orange**======
 * ======**Glorious Revolution**======
 * ======**Bill of Rights**[[image:http://www.parliament.uk/actofunion/lib/visuals/images/1_BillOfRights_1.jpg align="right" caption="This painting portrays the offering of the English throne to Prince William and Mary. The outstretched arm symbolizes their acceptance."]]======
 * During the reign of Charles II, the parliament wanted to compel religious uniformity by passing the **Test Act. **The Test Act passed laws posing restrictions on the types of religions and the way religion was practiced. The protestant parliament wanted to protect their interests. However, in 1670 Charles II entered into a treaty with France that would allow for England to gradually re-Catholicize. When details of this treaty was leaked, it caused a great wave of anti- Catholic fear. That fear was made worse by the fact that Charles II had no heir and would be succeeded by his catholic brother,** James II.


 * The English were not happy when James II succeeded his brother. However, they went into a panic when James II had a son because they did not want another catholic to inherit the throne. This prompted a group of important Englishmen to offer the throne to James II's daughter Marry and her protestant husband,** Prince William of Orange. **They accepted the throne and James II fled to France. Thus, The** Glorious Revolution **occured because it replaced one king with another king with a minimum of bloodshed.

The Glorious Revolution represented the destruction of divine right monarchy. In order to survive a changing world, the monarchies would have to change. It was a lesson Britain learned early, that all of Europe would have to learn too. When Prince William and Mary accepted the throne, they accepted the throne from parliament. That action showed the supremacy of the English parliament. It showed that the king had to have the consent of the people in order to rule. Those principles were then formulated into words and put into the** Bill of Rights. **In order to assure that they would never have issues again like the issues faced under the Stuarts, specific things were added to the Bill of Rights. For example, parliament had to meet at least once every three years and only a protestant could hold the throne of England. Thereby establishing the first constitutional monarchy because it was a monarchy guided by limits the people had put forth.**

[[image:http://rjosephhoffmann.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/hobbes-leviathan.jpg width="143" height="240" align="right" caption="The Cover of the Leviathan"]]
Hobbes ideology was written in the **__Leviathan__.** His idealogy was based on his belief that humans were evil and that without government they will kill each other. In his theory security is over liberties. People give up some of their rights in order to ensure their safety. He also believed in the Social Contract saying that the general will of the people is sacred and absolute. In his ideology the source of sovereignty lies in the king with out G-d. This can also be seen in England and France not working well, leading to Constitutionalism. This was **Absolutist** government using **Divine Right** to ensure uniformity. In England and France this did not work out well because too many of the peoples liberties were being taken away. The formula for Absolutist rulers was G-d over king over law over the people.
 * ======**__Leviathan__**======
 * ======**Absolutist**======
 * ======**Divine Right**======
 * ======**__Second Treatise of Civil Government__**======
 * ======**Constitutional Monarchy**======
 * ======**Parliament**======
 * ======**Aristocracy**======
 * ======**House of Commons**======

Locke's ideology was written in **__Second Treatise of Civil Government__**. His idealogie was based on how humans are all around good and should be able to govern themselves. In his theory liberty is over security only limited by the liberties of others. He believed in the Social Contract, but the solution was more liberties. This goes with how people are embodied in law. This also means that sovereignty lied in the people. This was seen in English **Constitutional** **Monarchy** with **Parliament**. The only downfall to the idea with England was that the **Aristocracy's** will was only shown. The common people's wants were not put into Parliament due to the Aristocracy only being the elite. The formula for England was King and Church over people surrounded by **House of Commons.**

Louis XIV saw himself, and wanted his people to see him as the **Sun King**, as he thogh that since he was supposed to rule as a god through the Divine Right of Kings, then he might as well be a god. He had many methods to control the nobles in his state, such as **Versailles**, a very grand palace that the king made his home, but was also home o countless others, mainly nobles. Here, the nobles were out of Louis XIV's way in terms of government issues, and they receive great social privilege under a system called **Patronage**. Which this system Louis XIV gave them all of their rights as nobles and more through titles, and he received the nobles' loyalty. In the area of art, this period saw he rise of the **baroque** style, which was previously thought poorly of due to its abstract, very emotional nature. Also, **French Classicism** gained prominence in this era as people started to look back to Renaissance values.
 * ======**baroque**======
 * ======**Patronage**======
 * ======**French Classicism**======
 * ======**Versailles**======
 * ======**Sun King**======

Before King Louis XIV of France was crowned, a war called the **Fronde** began in France. The nobles instigated this conflict in order to seize power from the throne. Luckily for the royalists, they were able to put down the revolutionaries and put Louis XIV on the throne. From this point on to prevent such things from happening again, he ruled with the philosophy called the **Divine Right of Kings** in which the king has absolute power and his actions are justified on the grounds that he is God's representative on Earth. One way Louis XIV established his absolute power has through the **Revocation of the Edict of Nantes** that previously stated that Catholics and Huguenots, a minority in France, would both be allowed to practice their respective religions. He did this because he perceived having multiple religions in his state as a threat to unity, and he was very extreme in pursuit this desire for "One King, One Law, One Faith." This is also true of his minister, Richelieu, who was responsible for laying siege on the Huguenot stronghold of **La Rochelle**, which killed my Huguenots and damaged the French economy for the sake of maintaining undivided religious beliefs. Although Louis XIV was not involved in this assault, there can be no question that he would have done the same thing. Also, Richelieu created the **Intendant System** in which he hired the nobles of the robe to administrate one of France's thirty-two districts and serve only to him. The reason nobles of the robe were hired over nobles of the sword was because Richelieu and Louis XIV wanted to take power away from the landed nobility and allow the bourgeoisie to gain power.
 * ======**Fronde**======
 * ======**Divine Right of Kings**======
 * ======**Intendant System**======
 * ======**Revocation of the Edict of Nantes**======
 * ======**La Rochelle**======

Louis XIV France: Wars of Louis XIV, War of Spanish Succession, Peace of Utrecht

 * ======**Francois Le Tellier**======
 * ======**Treaty of Nijmegen**======
 * ======**War of Spanish Succession**======
 * ======**Grand Alliance**======
 * ======**Peace of Utrecht**======

** As Louis XIV centralized France in order to wage war, **Francois le Tellier **created a professional army.** Francois le Tellier **, secretary of state for war, professionalized the army with supplies rationed, uniforms, and a training program allowing promotion.** Tellier **also recruited citizens of France to make a huge standing army through dragooning (men grabbed off the streets), conscripting, and lottery methods.

With such an army, Louis XIV's goal was to expand France's border. He acquired Flanders and through the** Treaty of Nijmegen **(1678) he gained all of Franche-Comote and Flemish towns. After the Treaty though, he won no additional territories yet still campaigned for them; Louis XIV amassed a huge debt with his wars.

Wanting Spain, Louis XIV started the** War of Spanish Succession**(1701-1713) when he accepted Spain from the dead Charles II. Disrupting the balance of power, the** Grand Alliance **formed against him consisting of England, the Netherlands, Austria, and Prussia. Losing, Louis XIV was forced to accept the** Peace of Utrecht **. It demanded that French and Spanish crowns would never unite and France to give territory to England. Representing the balance of power working, the** Peace of Utrecht **also marked Spain's decline as a great power.**



The Scientific Revolution: Paradigm Shift

 * Before the Scientific Revolution occured, Europe still relied on **Aristotelian** worldviews, which included that there was no such thing as race because humanity was created by God.
 * Paradigm Shift**
 * By then 17th century, much information was brought together in the world and this forced a paradigm shift to occur.
 * During this time, a lot of exploration lead to **new observations** of the world.
 * **Race** was also developed to better understand human differences. People were also able to distinguish scientific differences between every race.
 * **Evolution** was also forced to fit into the paradigm shift of the Scientific Revolution.
 * People started believing these new ideas because scientists such as Copernicus, Newton and Galileo were able to explain the world in a better way and it was supported by the state.