1716-1815

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 * 1716-1815 (The Congress of Vienna)**

Eastern Absolutism vs. Western Absolutism

 * ======**Serfdom**======
 * ======**30 Years War**======
 * ======**Bohemian Estates**======
 * ======**Battle of the White Mountain**======
 * ======**Battle of Mohacs**======
 * ======**Elector of Brandenburg**======
 * ======**Junkers**======
 * ======**Great Northern War**======
 * ======**Cossacks**======
 * ======**Millet System**======
 * Due to the crises of the 14th century, Eastern Europe's wealthy took the liberties of peasants away and essentially became **serfs **by the 17th century. Following the** 30 Years War **, the atmosphere of fear and less population allowed the rich to garner more power and thus use that power to become absolutists following //Louis XIV// 's example. Both East and West Absolutists created standing armies for war and hoped to distract nobles.

In Austria, the Hapsburgs ordered for Catholicism to be the land's religion, defeating the **Bohemian Estates **in the**Battle of the White Mountain **. While controlling Bohemia and maintaining a single religion, the Hapsburgs also created a permanent standing army. Using that army and wining the** Battle of Mohacs **, Hungary was divided between the Ottoman Empire and the Hapsburgs. Austria failed to nationalize Hungry (evident in the rebellions under //Francis Rakoczy// ), however Hungarian nobles accepted Austrian rule for the restored privileges of the aristocracy. With a common German language, Vienna became Austria's cultural spot with the __Schonbrunn__ palace paralleling __Versailles__.

The **elector of Brandenburg **'s, traditional chooser of the Holy Roman emperor, hopelessness during** 30 Years War **allowed //Frederick William, the "Great Elector"//, to take power. Hohenzollern absolutism was created from threat of war (from //Louis XIV// and //Tatars// ),** Junker's **acceptance in trade for** serfs **, and centralizing to create a stronger standing army.**

=Peter the Great: Serfdom and State-Building=


 * ======**Great Northern War**[[image:peter_the_great.jpg width="191" height="248" align="right"]]======
 * ======**Military-civilian bureaucracy**======
 * ======**Modernization of Army**======
 * ======**Westernization**======
 * ======**St. Petersburg**======
 * ======**Serfdom**======
 * ======**Nobles vs. Peasants**======

During the era of absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe, Peter the Great of Russia rose as one of the first absolute leaders of Central and Eastern Europe to make an effort at state-building. Influenced by the growing strength of the Dutch and the English monarchs, he was determined to find ways Russia learn from these examples, and also become an European power.

In order to continue the tsarist tradition of territorial expansion, he was expecting to win easy victories over Sweden during the **Great Northern Wa**r. However, Peter the Great suffered many defeats. In response to this, he required every noble to serve in the army for life. He designed a **military-civilian bureaucracy** which required all men of all classes to start at same positions and work to get to high ranks. This allowed non-noble men to rise to high positions without having to be from noble-origins. This **modernization of the army** was also made possible through schools and universities that were created in order to produce more skilled technicians to modernize the army. In order to further strengthen the army, Peter the Great had a strong desire to use more modern technology. Thus, the process of **westernization** occurred as a necessary part of modernization and Peter the Great used these western ideas to pave the way for Russia to compete with Western European powers.

Although Russia suffered many defeats, the Great Northern War was ended by Russian victory. Russia became a strong power in the Baltic Sea, and in order to secure Russia's dominance, Peter the Great established military construction in a fortress called **St. Petersburg**, where he built his modern capital. St. Petersburg was the epitome of Peter the Great's reforms in state-building and westernization. Peter the Great imposed heavy burdens on Russian society, and targeted the peasants.

Peasants suffered draft and and worked as serfs in St. Petersburg for three months without pay.His reforms increased the bonds of **serfdom** and the gap between the serfs and nobility widened. The construction of St. Petersburg was a direct tax levied on the **nobles** which resulted in the serfs doing the work.

St. Petersburg became one of the world's largest cities and became even greater than what Peter the Great expected it to be. The creation of St. Petersburg proved the power of the Russian rulers and the extent to which absolutism can achieve in its state.

=Austrian Habsburgs (Eastern Absolutism)=


 * ======**Absolutism**======
 * ======**Thirty Years' War**======
 * ======**Multi-ethnicity**======
 * ======**Bohemian Estates**======
 * ======**The Battle of the White Mountain**======
 * ======**Battle of Mohacs**======
 * ======**Pragmatic Sanction**======

[[image:austira.jpg align="right"]]
Eastern and Central European Absolute states were able to increase power in their central states due to serfdom and the Thirty Years' War. As Austria emerged from the **Thirty Years' War**, its rulers were able to gain more political power through taxing without consent, the creation of permanent standing armies, and conducting relations with other states, and thus, able to create royal **absolutism** within its states. The Habsburgs lands were **multi-ethinic**, which greatly decentralized since real power lay in the hands of separate political powers.

Since the Thirty Years' War protestantism had been the dominant religion in the **Bohemia Estates**, the representative body of the different estates. The Austrian Habsburgs believed absolutism and centralization of its states lay in the religious unity, unity in Catholicism. Since the Habsburgs could not impose Catholicism in the empire, the Bohemian Estates revolted in defense of their Protestant rights, but the Habsburgs crushed the revolts at the **Battle of the White Mountain.** The Bohemian nobility was now part of the Habsburgs, and helped the Habsburgs establish direct rule over Bohemia.

At the **Battle of Mohacs,** Hungary was split between the Ottoman Empire and the Austrian Habsburgs. The Hungarian nobility effectively restored full development of Habsburg absolutism. However, the Hungarian nobility and peasants were determined to maintain local control, and rebelled. In order for Hungarian acceptance of Habsburg rule to valid, Charles VI gave back traditional privileges to the aristocracy.

The Austrian Habsburgs achieved statebuilding through consensus with the church and nobility and the common identity worn by elites and their loyalty to the monarchy. The state achieved economic recovery through increased burdens of the serfs and increased holdings of the nobles. In 1713, **Pragmatic Sanction of Austria** was established. It declared that Habsburgs lands were never to be divided.

Prussian Hohenzollerns (Eastern Absolutism)

 * The Hohenzollerns were Austria's ruling family. They also ruled as imperial electors of Brandenburg and dukes of Prussia.
 * Frederick William I**
 * Frederick William wanted Prussia to have the best army and to have a model **military state**. His military power lead to the expansion of absolutism in Prussia. Frederick created a strong centralized **bureaucracy** and eliminated parliamentary estates and local government. Frederick had many strategies he used such as forced taxation and having a standing army due to the "atmosphere of crisis" that was upon Prussia.
 * "The Deal"**
 * During his rule, Frederick had competition with the **Junkers** which were the nobles of Prussia. Throughout his rule he attempted to suppress them. The compromise he made with them was that they were to be enlisted in the army and in return the Junkers were able to sustain their authority over the peasantry. They also had freedom from taxation/

Philosophes: Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu, Wollstonecraft, Adam Smith

 * **Enlightenment**
 * ======**Separation of Powers**======
 * ======**Enlightened Despotism**======
 * ======**Deism**======
 * ======**Reading Revolution, Salons**======
 * ======**General Will**======
 * ======**Adam Smith, Voltaire, Montesquieu**======

While the makers of the Scientific Revolution used intellectual means to discover the natural laws that governed the physical universe, the **Enlightenment **  philosophes used reasoning to discover the natural laws that governed the affairs of human beings and society. They criticized the existing institutions of absolute monarchy and established church and proposed reforms to eliminate abuses and to promote individual freedom. They were critics of the Old Regime who developed new ideas about government, economics, religion and the improvement of society. (Review McKay p. 600). The ideas of the following philosophes caused a **reading revolution **  in which reading became individual, silent, and rapid. Their ideas also inspired social gatherings in **salons **  in which elites discussed their uncensored observations. **Voltaire **  combined the glorification of science and reason with an appeal for better individuals and institutions. Voltaire believed that humans lack the ability to govern themselves, therefore must hope for a good monarch (promoted **enlightened despotism ** ). Voltaire hated all forms of religious intolerance, and believed in a **deistic God **  (a great Clockmaker who steps away and watches it run.) **Montesquieu **  published //The Persian Letters // <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal;"> which subtly criticized despotism and promoted a **<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal;">separation of powers. ** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal;"> He stressed the importance of having a strong, independent upper class in order to prevent the abuse of government power. Montesquieu's ideas influenced the French and American Constitutions. **<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal;">Mary Wollstonecraft ** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal;"> published //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal;">A Vindication of the Rights of Women // <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal;"> which challenged Montesquieu's widely accepted attitude. She was an advocate for the fair treatment of women and encouraged reforms in education. **<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal;">Adam Smith ** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal;"> was a leading figure of the Scottish Enlightenment and published //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal;">Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations // <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal;">. He established the basis for modern economics, promoted freedom of enterprise, and was highly critical of mercantilism.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal;">Rousseau ** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal;"> published //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal;">The Social Contract, // <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal;"> a treatise on politics and government, in which he advocated a radical form of the contract theory of government or ruling by **<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal;">general will ** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal;">. Rousseau rejected individualism in favor of the role of an individual in society.

**Enlightened Despots: Catherine the Great, Joseph II, Frederick the Great**

 * ======**Enlightened Despotism**======
 * ======**religious toleration**======
 * ======**abolition of serfdom**======
 * ======**Pugachev Rebellion**======
 * ======**Partition of Poland**======
 * ======**War of Austrian Succession**======
 * ======**Seven Years War**======

Catherine the Great, Joseph II, and Frederick the Great were prominent examples of Enlightened Despots. They embraced the ideas of the Enlightenment by generally increasing religious toleration, supporting knowledge, education, and the arts, and encouraging the cultural values introduced in the by Enlightenment thinkers. These enlightened despots all believe in change and reform from above (top-down) and tried to enact these needed reforms.
 * Joseph II of Austria** took the throne in 1780 after the death of his mother, Maria Theresa. Maria Theresa was a pious Catholic empress who practiced baroque absolutism and who was unsympathetic towards the Enlightenment. In contrast, Joseph demonstrates enlightened absolutism by giving reforms an ideological edge that reflects the utilitarian theories of the Enlightenment. Joseph granted **religious toleration** and rights to Protestants and Jews, and also **abolished serfdom** in 1781.


 * Frederick the Great of Prussia** was a truly enlightened leader because he embraced culture and literature, and even wrote poetry in French which was revolutionary for an emperor to do. Frederick took advantage of Maria Theresa's weakness and invaded her rich, German province of Silesia. This defied the Pragmatic Sanction, which then led to the European **war of the Austrian Succession** (1740-1748). Maria Theresa was forced to cede almost all of Silesia to Prussia. Austria then formed an alliance with France and Russia, and during the **Seven Years War**, attempted to conquer Prussia and divide up its territory. Eventually, the attack was called off by Russia, but the struggle of the Seven Years War made Frederick re-evaluate his own country. He decided to tolerantly allow his subjects to believe as they wished in religious and philosophical matters.


 * Catherine the Great of Russia** usurped the throne by murdering her husband, Peter the Great. She ruled in an absolute monarchy, where her primary goals were westernizing Russia, domestic reform, allowing limited religious toleration, and improving education. Catharine's army successfully crushed the **Pugachev Rebellion** that was started with Emelian Pugachev claiming he is the true tsar and issuing "decrees" abolishing serfdom, taxes, and army service. Under Catherine the Great, nobility attained its most influential position, and serfdom became extremely oppressive. Catherine also managed to expand the empire after the **Partitions of Poland.**

Rise of the East

 * ======**Partitions of Poland**======
 * ======**War of Austria Succession**======
 * ======**Seven Years War**======

Poland had become a weak decentralized constitutional republic by the 1700s, and was in danger being surrounded by three growing absolutist states: Austria, Prussia, and Russia. When **Catherine the Great of Russia** gained certain victories over the Turks, she disrupted the balance of power in the East. In order to re-balance Eastern Europe, **Frederick of Prussia** proposed that they each ( Austria, Prussia, and Russia) take a piece of Poland and let the Turks off easy. With the final **partition of Poland** in 1795, the Polish state vanished from the European map.

In 1713 the **Pragmatic Sanctions of Austria** proclaimed Maria Theresa the rightful ruler of Hapsburgs. Not too long after she took the crown, Frederick II of Prussia declares war on Austria and attacks the province of **Silesia**. To complicate matters even more, France declares war on Austria, Charles of Bavaria proclaims himself Holy Roman Emperor Charles II, and England declares war on France and Prussia. When "Charles II" dies, the entire point of the war is defeated. However, Silesia was not returned to Austria and caused Maria Theresa to introduce reforms for a stronger state.

The **Seven Years War** was the first global conflict. With tension between Austria and Prussia from the **War of Austrian Succession**, and colonial rivalries between Great Britain, France, and Spain in known America. Mainly between Britain and France using economic warfare to disrupt each others trade.

The Agricultural Revolution

 * ======**Enclosure Movement**======
 * ======**Cottage Industry**======
 * ======**Industrious Revolution**======

The **Agricultural Revolution** occurred as the feudal agricultural methods begin to disappear and are replaced with new developments such as **crop** **rotation** and the **enclosure movement**. These new methods were a revolution in village life and the people had to pay a price for technical progress. These new methods required a rather large investment and posed risks for all classes; therefore, until the end of the 18th century, the enclosure movement was adopted only in the Low Countries and England.

Starting with the **Low Countries**, because of their dense population they needed to learn how to maximize the use of their land early on so they could feed their growing towns and cities. The English learned about drainage from the Dutch and they also learned about the enclosure movement from them.

With adequate food supplies coming from the new agricultural methods, population growth caused for more migration towards rural areas and the development of industry. **Cottage Industry** grew in the 18th century and became a crucial feature of the European economy. The cottage industry was organized through the **putting-out system**, where a merchant loans out raw materials to cottage workers and they return the finished products to the merchant.

The social and economical changes occurring in Europe during the late 17th century and early 18th century is described as the **Industrious Revolution**. Leisure time went down as work time went up. The overall expansion of Europe in the 18th century was characterized by the growth of **world trade**.


 * ======**Illegitimacy Explosion**======
 * ======**Foundlings (attitudes towards children)**======
 * ======**Medical Practitioners**======

The **illegitimacy explosion** was generally thought to be the result of cottage industry and the population's migration to urban areas. The development of these two events resulted in an increase premarital intercourse yet a decrease in men that were marrying the women they got pregnant. Many pregnant women had been promised marriages, however, the male working class and the working class in general still had insecure lives and could not afford to take the additional hardships what came with a wife and child.

Though more illegitimate children were born, overall attitudes towards children changed for the better. In earlier times,infanticide was common enough because many women could not support a child. However, **foundling hospitals** were introduced by the government in a number of states to make the abandonment of children more humane. Furthermore, foundling hospitals became a favorite charity of the rich, even though very few children given to the care of these places actually survived.

Medical breakthroughs also helped to explain the increase of population during the 18th century. The most successful of these developments was the vaccine for smallpox, which was created by **Edward Jenner**, and English country doctor. His vaccine was created from cowpox, rather than smallpox like in the practice of **smallpox inoculation**, and thus far more successful and less dangerous.

[[image:mrmelnick:Triangle_trade.bmp width="383" height="282" align="right"]]

 * ======**Atlantic Slave Trade**======
 * **Mercantilism**
 * **Colonial Latin America**

The **Atlantic slave trade** was the forced migration of countless African slaves to further the European economy. Most slaves were sent to the the Americas and made possible the large-scale production of many goods. The availability of cheap labor helped to lower the prices of sugar, coffee, tobacco and cotton - goods that were becoming a part of everyday European life. Slavery also continued much longer in the British colonies and the Americas than it did in England.


 * Mercantilism**became the chosen economic policy for the European states. Laws like the English **Navigation Acts** were passed to help European states to monopolize trade with their colonies and thus attempt to become self-reliant states. Mercantilism led to economic warfare, the largest of which was between France and England. The **Treaty of Paris** ended this war between England and France, at least on the colonial fronts.

Though Spain's power had declined earlier, Philip V, the Spanish king between 1700 and 1746 helped to revive Spain's power. In turn, this revival helped Spain's colonies in Latin America to grow. The ruling class in Latin America were called the **creoles**, American born Spaniards, one level below them were the **mestizos**, those racially mixed, and the lowest and largest part of the population consisted of slaves. The upper classes used **debt patronage**, a form of serfdom, to force the natives to work for them.


 * ======**Louis XIV**======
 * ======**Three Estates**======
 * ======**Famine**======

even while consulting nobles. Louis also attempted to increase the prestige of his dynasty by going to war. Because Louis created absolutism in Europe, many other states followed in his footsteps (i.e. Spain). The idea of Absolutism is important to the development of constitutionalism in western Europe as it quickly caused a small paradigm shift in how empires were to be ruled.
 * Louis XIV** was a French king who reigned over his empire during the most intense part of absolutist development. Louis XIV believed in the **divine right of kings**. This meant he believed he was one of God's rulers sent down to earth, and the "divine kings" did not have to answer to anyone but God Himself. Louis' exclusion of nobles, his desire for control of political power, a mission of religious unity and his belief that Louis only had God to answer to caused the creation of an **absolute monarchy**. The absolute monarchy allowed Louis XIV to have complete control over his entire empire

The **Three Estates** in France were classified as the clergy, the nobility, and everyone else. The Cle,gy owned ten percent of all of France's land, the nobility owned 25 percent of France's land and were barely taxed; However, the Third Estate, made up of commoners forced into one social class by a shared legal status was heavily taxed and treated unfairly. The Third Estate, or bourgeoisie, increased its wealth and revolted against the feudal systems of France. The bourgeoisie revolt established a capitalist market economy. This establishment of a free market helped develop many other states during a time like the industrial revolution.

**Dual Revolutions: Liberty and Equality**

 * ======**Liberalism**======
 * ======**Laissez Faire**======
 * ======**Liberty**======
 * ======**Equality**======

The Dual Revolution were changes in economic and political ideas. These new changes brought new ideological forces where were liberalism, nationalism, and socialism.

The principal ideas of **liberalism** were **liberty** and **equality**. Liberalism called for a representative government instead of an autocratic monarchy, equality before the law instead of legally separate classes. In liberalism there were ideas of liberty which consisted of individual freedoms such as freedom of the press, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, and freedom from arbitrary arrest. Liberalism granted the people many rights that they didn't have access to before.

The opponents of liberalism criticized the economic principles which were unrestricted private enterprise and that there was no government interference in the economy. This idea was called laissez faire. **Laissez Faire** was a classical form of liberalism. There was classical liberalism to distinguish between modern American liberalism. The difference of American liberalism was that it usually favors more into government programs in order to meet the social needs and to regulate the economy.


 * Adam Smith** was the first one to form the idea of a free economy and founded modern economics. He was critical of mercantilism and its attempt to regulate trade and economic activity. Smith thought that a freely competitive private enterprise would result in a greater income for everyone not only the rich. The early liberals favored sensitive (?) governments, but they generally wanted property qualifications attached to the right to vote. The lower middle class did not get the right to vote because they didn't own any land. After 1815 liberalism became very popular with the middle class.

19th Century Isms

 * ======**Conservatism**======
 * ======**Liberalism**======
 * ======**Nationalism**======
 * ======**Socialism (Marxism and French Utopian)**======

The main ideas of **Liberalism** were liberty and equality. There was equality before the law instead of to legally separate classes. The new ideas of liberty were freedom of the press, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, and freedom from arbitrary arrest. The economic principals of liberalism were unrestricted private enterprise and no government interference in the economy. This ideology was called Laissez Faire, this was a type of classical liberalism. Modern liberalism favors government programs to meet social needs and to regulate the economy. The early liberals fought for the right to vote without being a landowner. After 1815 liberalism became very popular with the middle class.


 * Nationalism** was the second radical idea. This new radical idea was destined to have an enormous influence in the modern world. There was nationalism in the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars. Nationalism had the ability to spread and develop. Nationalist had a cultural unity which brought everyone together through a common language, history, and territory. Later on nationalists wanted to turn cultural unity into political reality. This made territories of people coincide with well-defined boundaries in an independent nation state. To make nationalism rise industrial and urban societies were required to use a standardized national language, which created a superficial cultural unity. This soon encompassed the entire population through mass education. The nation states that came about were called "imagined communities" because they had strangers from all over come together for the concept of an all-embracing national identity. Nationalist thought that the benefits of a self government would only be possible if people were united by common traditions that transcended local interests and even class differences. The early nationalist believed that every nation like every citizen had the right to exist in freedom and to develop its character and spirit.[[image:karl-marx.jpg width="240" height="278" align="right"]]


 * French Utopian Socialism** was an ideology to help the poor and preached that the rich and the poor should be equal economically. Also that private property should be strictly regulated by the government or that it should be abolished and replaced by state or community ownership. Planning greater economic equality and state regulation of property were the key ideas of the early French socialism. There were two groups in French Utopian Socialism, there were the parasites which consisted of the court, the aristocracy, lawyers, and churchmen. Then there were the doers who were the leading scientists, engineers, and the industrialist. Count Henri de Saint-Simon was one of the most influential earliest socialist thinkers who stressed in highly moralistic terms that every social institution ought to have as its main goal improved conditions for the poor.


 * Marxism**'s main ideas were that the interests of the middle class and the industrial working class were inevitable opposed to each other. In Karl Marx's view one class had always exploited the other and with the advent of modern industry society was split. The society was split into two groups the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. The bourgeoisie was the middle class and the proletariat was the working class. Marx thought that the proletariat would conquer the bourgeoisie in a violent revolution. There was to be a proletariat revolution.

Napoleonic Europe

 * ======**Rise of Napoleon**======

[[image:http://www.historyofwar.org/Pictures/napoleon.jpg width="233" height="306" align="right" caption="http://www.historyofwar.org/Pictures/napoleon.jpg"]]

 * ======**Expansion**======
 * ======**Haitian Independence**======
 * ======**Grand Empire**======

using the ideas of the **Old Regime** and a centralized state.
 * Napoleon Bonaparte** came to power in France in 1799 and rapidly started to create a new army. Napoleon gave organization to France which the people needed. His motto was "confidence from below, authority from above." This gave the French a strong leader to look up to and depend on. As a strong leader he gave support to all of the social classes. He increased the amount of land and status that the peasantry had as well as calmed the middle class because they had lost a lot of numbers in their early battles. Lastly, Napoleon gave strength to the bureaucracy. He did this by creating a solid foundation with the government and

During the time of the Napoleonic Era, France had most of its territorial **expansion**. The type of leader you could classify Napoleon as was a military leader. Whenever he was rejected by any type we would use his power to start wars and take his gains in land. Just like with the **Treaty of Luneville** against the Austrians. The territory gained by France was all the Austrian's land in Italy and Germany to the west bank f the Rhine. Another was the **Treaty of Amiens** with Great Britian that gave his more popularity with the France. This gave them control of Holland, Austrian Netherlands and most of Italy's peninsula. The **Battle of Trafalgar** was another big win for France when they allied forces with Spain.

British Industrial Revolution

 * ======**Atlantic Economy**======
 * ======**Agriculture**======
 * ======**Britain's Key Assets**======

The Industrial Revolution began in Britain because Britain developed itself during the Napoleonic Era while continental Europe was in the clutches of Napoleon. They had three main factors which led them to industrialize. First, because Britain was a mercantilist nation, the expanding **Atlantic economy** led to a growing market of manufactured goods being produced and shipped. Second, English farmers created the second most productive **Agricultural** system and found new ways to farm and easier techniques to use. Third, Britain had established an efficacious central banking system, had a stable, predictable monarchy, and had a large class of proletarians.

During the revolution, Britain's economy skyrocketed through the production of manufactured goods. The population grew as a result of industrializing and yet it also led to industrial expansion.**David Ricardo' iron law of wages** helped explain the relationship at the time between wages and population growth. He explains how wages will always go down due to the pressure of population growth and that people would only have enough money to keep from starving. It wasn't until 1815 that continental Europe began to industrialize.

Technologies of the Industrial Revolution

 * ======**Factories**======
 * ======**Spinning Jenny**======
 * ======**Water Frame**======
 * ======**Steam Engine**======
 * ======**Coke**======
 * ======**Railroads**======

With the Industrial Revolution came a landslide of new pieces of technology. A few of those included: the spinning jenny, a device which turns cotton into thread, the water frame which was a heavy duty version of the jenny powered by water, the steam engine which used hot pressurized steam to get the job done, coke, a much cheaper and unlimited alternative to coal, and railways which transported goods much quicker and cheaper than any other method.

These were all produced in factories which crowded British cities. The steam engine wasn't active until 20 years after the thought was created. Once put into circulation, these were mass produced because the people in Great Britain needed faster techniques to get things done. The manufacture of coke and not coal saved Britain much more money than expected which allowed them to save the extra money and spend it elsewhere. The only way for trade to occur inside Great Britain's through the canals and/or walking. After the railways came along, trade rate spend up which meant that Britain industrialized even quicker.